围海造地的生态环境影响分析

Studyon the Impacts of Marine Reclamation on Eco-environment

为最大限度避免或减轻围海造地所导致的不良影响,需要对其可能产生的生态环境的影响效应进行分析评价,综合判断,以便为寻找合理解决途径打下理论基础。本文首先分析了不同国家围海造地经验教训,从生态系统服务功能角度对围海造地带来的生态环境影响进行总结,并基于层次分析法和定性与定量相结合的方法,从围海造地对生态和环境两方面的影响选取9个指标,初步建立围海造地生态环境影响效应评价指标体系,最后以胶州湾为案例,初步估算围海造地对胶州湾区域生态环境的影响度。

Reclamation is an important manner mankind takes to exploit the ocean and expand producing and living space. Yet as natural bank shape is changed in a short term and on a small scale, the whole natural system is violently disturbed and further misbalances are incurred, which affect the stability, diversity and sustainability of the seashore. In order to best avoid and weaken the negative impact of reclamation, analysis and evaluation of possible effects should be done as, theoretical preparations for settling the problem. In the first place, this article analyzes the experiences of reclamations in various countries and summarizes its impact on eco-environment from the perspective of the serving function of ecosystem. The experience of Holland, Japan and U. S.A. reflects that reclamation can result in considerable influences on eco-environment 1） Reclamation destroys the habitat; 2） Reclamation affects the adjusting ability of costal area; 3） Reclamation reduces the production of costal area; 4） Reclamation changes the original landscape, which will greatly influence local tourism and recreation industry. How to discuss the effects brought by reclamation is a step by step process, which are developed by many scholars. Sticking to the principles of being scientific, comprehensive, practical, typical, progressive and systematic, we apply the analytic hierarchy process （AHP） and consider both qualitative and quantitative attributes at the same time to integrate the effecting aspects and indicators available, selecting 9 indicators as the base of the system. In the last part the degree of effect in the Jiaozhou Bay case study is calculated. Jiaozhou Bay is a typical bay in Shandong peninsula and it is also an important bay to the city of Qingdao. According to judging matrix and hierarchy sorting and different indicators, the calculated degree of reclamation effect to environment and ecosystem in Jiaozhou Bay is an increasing process. From this point of view, we can conclude that the effect degree of reclamation to eco-environment is aggravating as the reclamation scale enlarges.