中国玉米种质基础、杂种优势群划分与杂优模式研究

Studies on Maize Germplasm Base,Division of Heterosis Groups and Utilizing Models of Heterosis in China

在 1978～ 1994年中国玉米生产用主要种质中 ,改良Reid和旅大红骨的比重直线上升 ,Lancaster呈抛物线式下降 ,四平头趋于平稳 ,其它种质则显著减少 ,至 1994年四大核心种质约占86 3%。“八五”期间我国审 (认 )定玉米主要品种的组成为 :Reid和Lancaster各占 2 5 6 % ,四平头、旅大红骨分别占 17 9%和 10 7% ,四大种质占 79 9% ,然而其骨干系多为改良系所代替 ,掺进了大量的其它种质 ,由此可见我国玉米种质改良取得了明显成效。根据系谱关系、配合力和杂种优势等 ,将我国玉米主要种质划分为五大杂种优势群、九个亚群 ,即改良Reid、Lancaster(Mo17和自 330两个亚群 )、四平头、旅大红骨和其它 (Suwan、外杂选、综合种选和其它低纬度种质四个亚群 )杂种优势群 ,总结探索出 10种主体杂交优势利用模式、16种子模式 ,其中 4种子模式应用较多 ,3种子模式发展趋势明显 ,4种子模式明显衰退 。

The proportions of Improved Reid and Ludahonggu in maize main germplasms commercially used in China increased sharply during 1979-1994,while that of Lancaster decreased parabolically,that of Sipingtou remained smoothly and that of other germplasms decreased significantly.Proportions of the four core germplasms had been up to 86.3% till 1994.During the Eighth Five-year Plan,the components of the main hybrids identified and approved were:Reid and Lancaster(25.6% respectively),Sipingtou(17.9%),Ludahonggu(10.7%).And the four core germplasms had been up to 79.9%,while their lines mainly used in breeding had been substituted with their improved lines adding a lot of other germplasms.All these show that significant progress in maize germplasm improvement has taken place in China. The maize main germplasms in China were divided into five heterosis groups and nine subgroups according to pedigree,combining ability,heterosis etc.Improved Reid,Lancaster(Mo17 and Zi330 sub-groups),Sipingtou,Ludahonggu and others(lines from Suwan,lines from foreign hybrids,lines from synthesis,and other low latitude′s germplasms).This study also proposed ten main models,sixteen sub-models of maize heterosis utilizetion in China.Four sub-models are widely used.Three sub-models have significant developing potentialities and four sub-models are declinig significantly.The utilization of these models and maize germplasm improvement were also discussed.