环境铅污染所致儿童健康风险评估方法探讨

Investigation on health risk by environmental lead pollution in children

目的对我国某重工业城市内工业区铅污染带来的健康风险进行评价。方法利用美国环保署(EPA)开发的IEUBKwin软件计算某城市工业区的儿童血铅水平;并通过世界卫生组织《铅的环境疾病负担指南》中介绍的方法计算该地区儿童由血铅引起轻度精神发育迟滞的发病率。结果通过美国环保署的软件计算得出儿童血铅水平高于铅的毒性阈值10μg/dl的概率为65.04%,与国内和世界范围内的相关数据进行比较可以发现,发达国家的儿童血铅水平相对较低,发展中国家,尤其是工矿业地区的儿童血铅问题则要严重得多,而相对于国内,计算得到的结果也要高于全国的一般水平。另外,根据世界卫生组织的指南计算得出该地区的轻度精神发育迟滞的发病率同样高于世界其他地区,且等于世界卫生组织针对东亚国家给出的发病率的最佳估计的3.2倍,上限的1.7倍。结论该地区的铅污染问题已经相当严重。由此带来的儿童健康风险过大,必须及时采取措施,控制铅污染的进一步发展。

Objective To assess the health risk of children living in lead polluted city of China. Methods The blood lead levels of children in certain industrialized city were calculated using IEUBKwin software developed by Environmental Protection Agency, US. Then the incidence of mild mental retardation was obtained with the method introduced in ＂Lead-Assessing the Environmental Burden of Disease at National and Local Levels＂ published by World Health Organization. Results The probability ratio that the blood lead level over 10 μg/dl （toxicity threshold）, was up to 65.04%, which was higher than the average level in China. Otherwise, the incidence of mild mental retardation was also higher than that of other cities in China, which was 3.2 times higher than the estimated incidence for East Asia by WHO. Conclusions It was suggested that the lead pollution in this city was quite serious, and the health risk caused by lead pollution was quite big in children. Consequently, the control measures must be taken for blocking the development of lead pollution in this area.