基于法律视角下商业银行贷款核准制的风险分析与控制

Risk Analysis on Commercial Bank's Loan Approval System and the Control from the Perspective of the Law

贷款担保核准制要求借款人先落实合法有效的担保并经银行核准之后,再对其发放贷款。这一制度存在许多不足之处,如贷款担保核准制容易引发担保合同法律效力的争议与纠纷,容易造成部分抵押、质押担保丧失法律效力,容易产生民事争议与纠纷,可能导致权力寻租和孳生腐败,已办理抵(质)押担保登记却未能核准放款而引起的违约纠纷等问题。鉴于此,作者提出如下风险防范建议:(1)修改现行的贷款核准制,改贷前担保核准为提款之前核准;(2)完善信贷台账管理系统;(3)允许一份合同使用两种编号;(4)尽量签订最高额担保合同;(5)修改《借款合同》附条件生效约定。

The approval system of loan guarantee requires that before a commercial bank grants credits to a borrower, the borrower must obtain a legal guarantee approved by the bank. There are a lot of deficiencies in this regulation. For instance, it easily triggers disputes over guarantee contract＇s legal effect, makes part of collaterals or pledge guarantees forfeit legal effect, results in civil disputes, rent-seeking behaviors and corruption, and gives rise to default disputes when the bank refuses to lend to the borrower after it obtained guarantees, and so on. Centering on these problems, the paper proposes the following risk precaution suggestions： （1） modifying the current loan approval system to approve the guarantee before drawing instead of before credit granting; （2） optimizing the credit account management system; （3） permitting one contract with two numbers; （4） endeavoring to sign the ceiling loan guarantee contract; （5） amending the precondition that the loan contract becomes effective.