黄土高原旱地不同保护性耕作措施对马铃薯田土壤水温效应及产量的影响

Different conservation tillage related with soil water,soil temperature and yield of potato in rainfed farming system

设计实施了黄土高原西部旱农区马铃薯传统耕作（T）和五种保护性耕作措施：垄上覆膜沟内覆草摆种（PDSS）、垄上覆膜沟内覆草浅播（PDSSH）、垄上覆草摆种（RSS）、平作覆草摆种（FSS）和垄上不覆膜沟内覆草摆种（DSS）的大田对比试验,对不同耕作措施下各层次土壤水分、地温及产量进行了研究。结果表明：马铃薯免耕秸秆覆盖能明显改善0~80 cm土壤贮水量,特别是对0~30 cm土壤贮水量的影响尤为突出;与传统耕种相比,免耕秸秆覆盖可以降低各个土壤测定层的日均积温（≥0℃）,并能在晴天14∶00时有效降低结薯层的温度,结薯层的温度FSS为27~29℃,PDSSH为21~28.5℃,较传统耕种的27~32℃略低,降低了高温对马铃薯生长的不利影响;免耕秸秆覆盖除RSS外,出苗率和产量均高于传统耕种,且FSS的产量最高,达27468.3 kg/hm2,较传统耕种增产30.05%。

A field test was conducted in the western Loess Plateau, and the treatments including conventional tillage（T）, surface seeding in the stubble mulched ditch with plastic film mulched ridge（PDSS）, shallow seeding in the stubble mulched ditch with plastic film mulched ridge（PDSSH）, surface seeding on ridge with stubble （RSS）, surface seeding in flatten culture with stubble（FSS） and surface seeding in the stubble mulched ditch without plastic film mulched ridge（DSS）. Through analysis of soil water, soil temperature in different layers and yield of potato, the results showed that no-tillage with stubble retention could increase water storage in 0 --80 cm soil layer, especially in 0--30 cm soil layer in poor raining years; No-tillage with stubble retention could decrease accumulated soil temperature（≥0℃ ） as compared with conventional tillage, and also decreased the daily temperature of the layer of potato development at 14：00 in sunny days. The temperature of FSS was 27℃--29℃ , PDSSH was 21℃ --28.5℃, and they were lower than T. The temperature of T was 27℃- 32℃ ,therefore, it reduced the harm to potato development. The rate of seedling and yield of no-tillage treatment was higher than T, except RSS. The yield of FSS was the best, reaching 27 468.3 kg/hm2 and increasing by 30.05 % compared with T.