1Kizer J R, Devereux R B, Clinical practice. Patent foramen ovale in young adults with unexplained stxoke [ J ]. N Engl J Med, 2005, 353 : 2361 - 2372.
2Leys D, Bandu L, Henon H, et al. Clinical outcome in 287 consecutive young adults(15 to 45 years) with ischemic stxoke[J]. Neurology, 2002, 59:26 - 33.
3Handke M, Harloff A, Olschewiski M, et al. Patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke in older patients[J]. N Eng J Med, 2007, 357:2262- 2268.
4HarloffA, Hanke M, Reinhard M, et al. Therapentic strategies after ex- amination by transesordaageal echocardiography in 503patients with ischemic stroke[J]. Stroke, 2006,37:859 - 864.
5Hirsh J. Diagnosis of venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism[J]. Am J Cardiol, 1990,65:45c-49c.
6Stollberger C, Slany J, Schuster I, et al. The prevalence of deep venous thrombosis in patients with suspected paradoxical embolism[J]. Ann Intem Med, 1994,12:347.
7Cramer SC, Rordorf G, Maki JH, et al. Increased pelvic vein thrombi in cryptogenic stroke: results of the Paradoxical Emboli from Iarge Veins in Is- chemic Stroke(PELVIS) study[J]. Stroke, 2004,35:46-50.
8DeRook FA, Comess KA, Albers GW, et al. Transesophageal echocardiography in the evaluation of stroke[J]. Ann Intern Med, 1992, 117:922- 932.
9Khairy P, 0' Donnell CP, Iamdzberg MJ. Transcatheter closure versus medical therapy of patent foramen ovale and presumed paradoxical thromboemboli: a systematic review[J]. Ann Intern Med, 2003,139:753 - 760.