蒙古野驴与草食有蹄类家畜冬季食物竞争的研究

Food Competition Between Asiatic Wild Ass and Domestic Ungulate in Winter

2007年11月-2008年3月,在内蒙古自治区包头市达尔罕茂明安联合旗中蒙边境地区,采用粪便显微组织学分析方法,结合野外采食行为调查,对蒙古野驴及其分布区内的马、牛、羊、驴、双峰驼冬季的食性进行研究,并对蒙古野驴与家畜之间的食物竞争关系进行探讨.结果表明,蒙古野驴冬季共采食植物10科23种,蒙古野驴与其他有蹄类家畜冬季的主要食物为克氏针茅、芨芨草、碱韭和红沙,其中禾本科、百合科和柽柳科、豆科类植物是该研究区内草食有蹄类动物冬季的主要食物,分别占蒙古野驴、马、牛、羊、驴和双峰驼冬季食物组成的88.7%,87.86%,90.03%,87.73%,85.98%,87.75%.蒙古野驴与其他有蹄类家畜之间的食物多样性指数差异均不显著(P>0.05),且食物构成的相似性指数均大于74%,食物生态位重叠指数较大(不低于0.75).这表明冬季蒙古野驴和同一生境的有蹄类家畜之间存在潜在的食物竞争.

By using fecal microscopic analysis, with field survey of feeding behavior, winter food-habit of Asiatic Wild Ass（Eqqus hernionus hemionu） and Domestic donkey, horse, sheep, goat, cattle and two- humped camel along the Sino-Mongolia border of Inner Mongolia from November 2007 to March 2008 are studied with field survey of feeding behavior. Food competition between the Wild Ass and the domestic ungulate are also analyzed. The results show that Asiatic Wild Ass forage 23 plant species belonging to 10 families during winter. Stipa krylovii , Achnatherum splendens, Allium polyrhizurn and Reaumuria soongorica are the main components in winter diet. As far as the family concerned, Graminae, Liliaceae, Tamaricaceae,Leguminosae are the main food resource, respectively occupies 88.7%, 85. 98%, 87.86%, 90.03%,87.73% and 87.75% in the food diets of Asiatic Wild Ass, Domestic donkey, horse, sheep , cow and two-humped camel. There is no significant difference on the food diversity index between Asiatic Wild Ass and domestic ungulate（P〉0.05）,and the similarity index of diet composition and the overlap index of food niche are more than 74% and 0. 75 respectively. The results indicate that there is a potential food competition between Asiatic Wild Ass and domestic ungulate.