澳大利亚OHS自律型法律模式探析

On the OHS Legal Model of Self-regulation in Australia

20世纪70年代以来,澳大利亚在职业健康与安全领域实施了罗本斯报告建议的自律型法律模式,OHS立法主要规定宽泛的"一般义务",至于具体应当采取哪些措施来履行义务、实现目标,雇主享有较大的自主权。这一模式有利于克服行政官僚膨胀低效问题,有利于OHS立法简约,调动了雇主在OHS治理过程中的积极主动性,强调雇员的合作与参与,在澳大利亚收到良好的效果。尽管近年来这种模式也暴露出一些弊端,但是对我国的职业健康与安全法律模式的构建,尤其在OHS的立法整合、管理权与监察权配置、政府-雇主-雇员三方机制的建立、地方立法自主权、强制与非强制执法方式等诸多方面均有借鉴意义。

A legal model of self-regulation, which was based on the British Robens Report, has been put in practice in the OHS field since 1970s in Australia. The OHS legislation under this model contains broad ＂general duties＂ and allows duty holders to choose the means by which they will comply with general duties. The model of self-regulation is better for avoiding the weaknesses of an expanded bureaucracy but a low efficiency, the making of easy-understood OHS rules, and more involvement in OHS by both employers and employees, and thus has achieved an upstanding practical effect. Though defects under this model has emerged in the new century, still we may learn from it as reference in the construction of China＇ s OHS system, especially in the creation of a more unified and integrated system, the distribution of administrative and supervisory powers, the tripartite framework of government-employer-employee, the local legislative powers and the combination of compulsory and non-compulsory execution of OHS legislation.