论汉语动词量化性成分的句法和语言类型效应——以英语动词系统为对比

The quantificational mechanism of the Chinese verb system and its syntactic andtypological impact

本文系统地阐述了汉语四类语法范畴—体标记、结果补语、趋向补语和动量成分—在汉语中整齐的分布和一致的语法功能,简要追述了它们的形成及其前贤对它们的构词和句法效应的探讨。在此基础上,本文从作格化的角度对比了汉英动词的不同表现,指出汉语动词带上四类语法范畴后,作格化成为一种十分普遍的句法现象,而英语允许作格化的动词数量有限;汉语动词在动量成分阙如的情况下,名量成分可完成动量成分的功能。汉语的句法结构对这四类语法范畴具有很强的依赖性,它们内在的时体特征和语用功能强化了汉语的主题突出特征,也加强了汉语的作格性。

This article discusses the distribution and grammatical functions of four grammaticalcategories—aspectual markers, verbal-resultatives, verbal-directionals and verbal-classifiers.Following a brief review of their impacts on word-formation and syntactic structure as well asprevious research, a comparison is made of the behaviors of the verb systems between Chineseand English. When Chinese verbs are attached with the four grammatical categories,ergativization becomes prevalent. In contrast, very limited English verbs allow their objects tobe ergativized. In Chinese, where verbal-classifiers are absent, nominal classifiers fulfill theirrole. The well-formedness of Chinese syntactic structures is heavily dependent on the fourcategories, whose aspectual features and pragmatic functions reinforce topic-prominence andergative typologies of the Chinese language.