小型翼结构仿生设计与试验分析

Structural Bionics Design and Experimental Analysis for Small Wing

小型翼结构设计主要是确定翼梁、翼肋的形式、分布和尺寸,以满足机翼结构强度、刚度要求。生物骨架以其结构、材料的合理分布和组合满足生物体的多种功能需求,为飞行器结构仿生设计提供了不竭灵感。叶脉形状为椭圆形空心管,并且尺寸沿轴线逐渐减小,最主要结构特征是倾斜、交错、分叉,以适应不同部位应力分布特点。在分析小型翼结构设计特点的基础上,借鉴叶脉结构特征,利用相似原理,设计仿生型机翼结构。有限元分析表明,仿生机翼比原型机翼具有更高的结构效能。采用选择性激光烧结(Selectivelasersintering,SLS)技术制作原型与仿生型机翼样件,并对其进行静力弯曲试验,与原型机翼相比,仿生型机翼质量、变形、应力都相应减少,证实了小型翼结构仿生设计的有效性和有限元分析的可靠性。

The design of small wing structures is mainly to determine the form, distribution and dimension of wing spars and ribs, so as to assure the structural strength and stiffness. By the reasonable distribution and combination of organism structures and materials, biological skeletons can meet the need of multifunction of the organisms, thus providing inexhaustible inspiration for the structural bionic design of aircrafts. The leaf vein is in the shape of hollow ellipse tubes, and its size gradually reduces along the vein axis. The main structural features are slant, stagger and bifurcation in order to adapt to the different characteristics of stress distribution in different parts. On the foundation of analyzing the characteristics of small wing structural design, by virtue of the structure characteristic of the vein and by using the similar theories, the bionic type wings are designed. The finite element analysis（FEA） results show that the bionic type wing has higher structure efficiency than the prototype wing. Static strength and rigidity experiments on the conventional and bionic samples fabricated with selective laser sintering（SLS） process, are carried out. Compared to the prototype wing, the bionic type wing has less weight, stress and deformation, which proves the effectiveness of structural bionics design and the reliability of FEA.