先秦时期“忠”观念的产生及其演化

The Formation and Evolution of the Concept "Loyalty" in Pre-Qin Period

"忠"的观念是中国传统伦理思想的重要支柱,也是先秦时期道德生活的重要内容。在其产生和初步发展的春秋时期,"忠"观念表现出了多元化的趋向,兼具君德、臣德、朋友之德等多重内容。战国时期,"忠"观念从一种具有普遍含义的社会价值逐渐缩小为一种具有特定主体与对象的具体的道德要求,"忠君"遂成为"忠"观念的首要内容,"忠君"观念呈现出绝对化倾向。同时,忠孝关系也成为战国时期亟待解决的社会矛盾,在二者的优先性问题上经历了从孝先于忠到忠先于孝的转变。

The concept of ＂Loyalty＂ is the important pillar in traditional Chinese ethical thinking, and part of the moral life in Pre-Qin Period. In its initial creation and development in the Spring and Autumn Period, the concept of ＂loyalty＂ shows a wide range of trends, including monarchical virtue, subjects virtue, friend virtue and many other contents; but to the Warring States Period, ＂loyalty＂ evolves from the universal meaning of the social values to a specific ethical requirement with specific subject and object, and ＂loyalty to an emperor＂ has become the most important part of the concept. It presumes an absolute tendency and the relationship between loyalty and filiality has become the social contradiction to be resolved in the Warring States Period. The issue of priority has also undergone the changes from the priority of filiality to that of loyalty.