留学生与中国近代学位制度的嬗变

The Returned Students and the Evolution of the Degree Institution in Modern China

学位制度是一个国家高等教育体系的重要组成部分。中国近代学位制度是由西方传入,伴随着国内高等教育的发展而孕育、起步并逐渐完善起来的。在这一嬗变过程中,以留学生为主体的新知识分子群体发挥了至关重要的作用。在他们的直接推动下,学位制度自清末传入我国,民国前期顺势发展,民国中后期逐步完善,促成了近代学位制度逐渐由学士、博士两级制向学士、硕士、博士三级制的过渡,以及突破文、理等学科,开始在更多的学科设立学位授予点,最终形成了一套系统完善的学位体系。可见,不到半个世纪,中国近代学位制度逐步趋于完备,走过了西方各国上百年的演进历程,留学生是中国近代学位制度的引进者、传播者、建设者。但由于留学经历、兴趣特长、学术修养、教育理念的不同,他们对于学位制度的引进,不是采取单一的一国模式,而是博采众长、为我所用,在价值取向上具有多元化的特点。学位制度引进的初期以模仿日本为主要内容,发展阶段效仿德法模式,最终以学习美国定型,并注意与本国实际相结合,形成了以美国为主旋律、兼采法德日,具有中国特色的学位制度。留学教育的走向直接影响到学位制度建设的价值取向。学位制度的实施不仅促进了近代高等教育的发展,加速了中国教育由传统向现代转型的进程,而且还架起了一座同国际教育沟通的桥梁,促进了中外教育的交流与融合。

The Degree Institution is an important component of the national higher education system. The China＇s degree institution is imported from the west and accompanied by the development of higher education and domestic breeding, and gradually perfect start up. In modern China, the returned students with the scientific knowledge play an important role in the transmission of the Chinese traditional academy and the foundation of the new degree institution. In their direct promotion, the degree institution was introduced into China since the end of the Qing Dynasty, in the early development of homeopathy, in the mid and late gradual improvement from the bachelor and doctor degrees to the bachelor, master and doctoral three - tier institution, forming a complete system of degree institution finally. The returned students are the introducer, propagators and builders of the degree institution, and they are the introduction of a degree system, rather than adopting a single model of a country, but absorbing. Its value orientation has a wide range of characteristics. Overseas education is also direct impact on the value orientation of the building of the degree institution.