从理论到测量——幸福感心理结构研究发展

From Theory to Measurement: the Development of the Research on the Psychological Structure of Well-Being Sense

幸福感是研究人类良好存在的实证科学。幸福感理论模型是幸福感测量工具的基础与归宿,主观幸福感是幸福感研究的主流范式,侧重于快乐的体验层面,包括生活满意、积极情绪与消极情绪三个经典测量指标,另外两种幸福感研究思路,一是Ryff等提出的心理幸福感理论模型以及据此建构的多维心理幸福感问卷,其关注人的心理健康层面,包括自我接受、环境掌控、与他人的积极关系,生活目的、个人成长以及自主性六个维度;另外一种思路是Keyes的社会幸福感理论模型以及测量工具,包括社会认同、社会实现、社会贡献、社会和谐、社会整合5个维度,其更加关注个人在社会领域面临的种种挑战。在幸福感40年发展历程中,幸福感理论模型经历了三次大的转折:第一次是情绪幸福感与认知幸福感的融合,形成主观幸福感理论模型;第二次是主观幸福感与心理幸福感的融合,形成积极心理测量模型;第三次则是主观幸福感、心理幸福感与社会幸福感三者的融合,形成现代积极心理健康模型。因此,幸福感的理论与实证研究,应当从多个侧面入手,更加全面揭示幸福的内涵与实质,把幸福感心理学理论模型与心理计量模型结合起来,实现理论导向与数据导向的统一,切实保证测量的科学性、准确性、有效性。

Well-being sense is empirical science of studying the existence of human beings. Theoretical model of well-being sense is the basis and the end of measurement tools. Subjective well-being sense is the main paradigms of well - being research, focusing on happy experience, including life satisfaction, positive emotions and negative emotions. The other two well - being research include Ryff~ theoretical model of psychological well-being sense and multi-dimensional psychological well - being questionnaire concerning about the mental health, including self- acceptance, environmental mastery, positive relationship with others, purpose in life, personal growth and autonomy. Keyes＂ theoretical model of social well-being sense and its measurement tools, including social acceptance, social actualization, social contribution, social coherence, social integration, concerns the individual challenges faced in society. In the 40 years of well - being sense development history, theoretical model of well-being sense has experienced three major turnings, the first is the integration of emotional well - being sense and cognitive well-being sense, forming the theoretical model of subjective well - being sense; the second is the integration of subjective well-being sense, psychological well-being sense and social well - being sense, forming a modem model of positive mental health. Therefore, the theoretical and empirical research of we-being sense should reveal comprehensive meaning and substance of well-being sense from more than one side, combine the psychological theoretical model and psychometric models, realize the unification of theory-oriented and the data - oriented and ensure the science, accuracy and validity of well-being measurement.