体内和体外生物测定在环境监测中的应用(英文)

Use of in vivo and in vitro Bioassays for Environmental Monitoring

生物测定在环境毒物学研究中普遍用于检测人为污染物对个别生物体和生态系统的影响。这些测定适用于个别化学品或复杂的混合物(如废水)对有代表性的生物系统或整个生物体所引起的影响,并普遍应用于环境监测项目。生物测定可在生物体外或生物体内进行,前者是在实验室内利用细胞培养技术,后者除可在实验室内进行还可应用在真实的环境中。体外生物测定往往是用来研究环境样品中的污染物对生物机制的具体影响,如受体结合特性,而体内活性生物测定则提供了一个更加具体化的综合生物反应。然而,这两种类型的生物测定法可以测量许多不同的生物指标,如对生物生长及发育的影响、内分泌功能和DNA损伤。无论是在体内和体外生物测定都分别有其特有的优点和缺点,其中一些测定法可以使用于毒性鉴定和评价程序。本文简要介绍了体内和体外生物测定方法的基本特点及其在环境监测中的应用实例,指出化学物质如何影响有机体及生态系统的结构和功能,认为广泛发展更能充分反映生态系统生物多样性的生物测定方法,将有助于更准确地了解环境污染物对环境的潜在影响。

Bioassays are used in environmental toxicology to examine the effects of man-made contaminants on individual organisms and ecosystems. These tests involve examining the effects of individual chemicals or complex mixtures, such as effluents, on representative biological systems or whole organisms, and are commonly incorporated into environmental monitoring programs. Bioassays can be conducted either in vitro by the use of cell culture techniques in the laboratory or in vivo in either the laboratory or the field. In vitro bioassays are frequently used to assess specific mechanisms of action of the contaminants that are present in an environmental sample, such as receptor-binding properties, whereas in vivo bioassays provide a more integrated organism response. However, there are many endpoints that can be measured using both types of approaches, such as effects on growth, endocrine function, and DNA damage. Both in vivo and in vitro bioassay approaches offer their own advantages and disadvantages, some of which can be addressed using the toxicity identification and evaluation procedure. Future development of a wider range of bioassays that more fully reflect the diversity of organisms in natural systems will contribute to more accurate understanding of the potential effects of environmental contaminants.