宪法意义上宽容理念的早期萌芽——建立在古希腊政治哲学史上的考察

The Infancy of the Idea of Tolerance in the Sense of Constitution

在西方学界,早期的宽容理论一般被认为建立于古希腊的斯多葛学派,但这种见解乃是基于对斯多葛学派所发展的自然平等观念而言的,对于宪法意义上的宽容理念的挖掘并没有历史的逻辑性,因为有前现代的政治社会的存在。况且,这种观念还容易混淆心理学、伦理学、政治学和法学领域的宽容的内涵,而最为显著的则是容易忽略政体宽容问题。通过对宪法意义上宽容理念的古希腊政治哲学思想史的考察发现,宪法意义上的宽容理念早在古希腊政治城邦时期就已经萌芽,并见诸于对"最佳政体"的哲学沉思和对自由与平等的古典诠释之中,在历经希腊化时代对专制和不宽容的反思之后,通过斯多葛学派的自然平等原则建立起宽容的早期理论,为近代"宽容的天赋权利论"奠定了思想谱系学的基础。

In the West, the early concept of tolerance was considered established in the stoic school of ancient Greece, but it was in the sense of the stoic idea of natural equality. But this analysis of tolerance in the Constitutional sense lacks historical logic. Most of all, it tends to neglect the question of tolerance in the sense of political system. It is argued that tolerance in the Constitutional sense occurred in the city-state period in ancient Greece.