从“主于道”到“主于事”：晚明史学的实学取向及局限

The Core from Morality to Practical Knowledge:The New Trend and Limits of State-managing Historiography in Late Ming

晚明时期,在社会危机的压迫下,一贯标榜经世致用的史学,在经世取向上发生了重大转向——从"主于道"转向"主于事",即史学撰述渐渐脱离开宋元以来的泛道德取向,转而对形而下的具体事务倾注更多的关怀。其影响不仅导致史学自身的学术取向发生变化,同时也构成当时实学思潮的主要表现。晚明史学的实学取向,是晚明社会知识界的普遍话语,并不表现为对王阳明心学的反动,所谓"从思想发展的逻辑看,心学的没落是实学思潮兴起的原因,实学思潮的兴起是心学没落的归宿",将实学置于与心学对立位置的观点是不恰当的。晚明史学中所体现的实学思想,一些已溢出了儒家的思想传统,表现出一定的前近代思想的"启蒙"性。但与此同时,也因其对形而下事物的过度关注而使史学少了一些形而上目的的学术关怀与追求,从而构成这些实学取向史学的局限性。

Under social crisis in the Late Ming Dynasty, the persistent historiography gets a great change, the state-managing way from emphasizing of morality changes to the emphasis of practical knowledge, which characteristic is that historiography gradually breaks away from the trend of panmorality in Song and Yuan Dynasty, and pays more attention to specific affairs instead. It appears the new trend of calling for practical knowledge in state-managing historiography as well as becoming a main part of the Practical-knowledge-advocating Thought. In fact, this new trend isn＇t the opposite to Xinxue by Wang Yangming, just like which is said that, to understand logically from Thoughts development, the Practical-knowledge-advocating Thought gets out of Xinxue, while it is also the result of Xinxue＇s coming down.