试述“日”的前缀性质及其它

On the Prefix Features of "Ri(日)" and the Related

普通话中,"日"在"日"类词语中的含义非常整齐:除"日本"一义外,它主要表达"太阳"义及与之直接相关的"一昼夜"、"白天"、"每天"等义。与此截然不同的是,在各地方言中,由"入"音转、渐渐和"日"读音趋同后改用"日"来记录的动词"日"以及由此泛化和虚化后产生的新用法异常活跃。由于方言调查词表的影响,《现代汉语方言大词典》各分卷的多数编纂者未能给予此类用法足够的重视①。在许宝华主编的《汉语方言大词典》中,收列的此类词条多达133个。遗憾的是,编者未能对这些词例进行穷尽式的分析,以至于未能在"日"字条后将前缀用法列出,而且出现了一些相关失误。本文拟对许书中的问题全面讨论。

In Mandarin Chinese, the senses of the morpheme ＂日＂ are very simple in the words containing it： apart from ＂Japan＂, it mainly means ＂sun＂ and what is directly related to ＂sun＂ , such as ＂a round day＂,＂ day＂, ＂every day＂ etc. what is contrasting with the simplicity is： in the respective dialects, the pronunciation of ＂入＂ alters, and gradually resembles that of ＂日 ＂; ultimately the word ＂.A.＂ takes the written form of ＂ 日＂, and the verb ＂ 日＂ comes into being; after diversifying its meaning and becoming a function morpheme, the verb ＂ 日 ＂ and the usages derived from it are exceptionally active. Due to the influence of the Vocabulary Chart of the Dialect Survey by the supervisors, the majority editors of the Modern Chinese Dialect dictionary didn＇t pay adequate attention to this kind of usage. To our joy, one hundred and thirty three items of this kind are listed in the Chinese Dialect Dictio- nary supervised by Xu Baohua. Whereas, it is a pity that the editors didn＇t analyze these examples thoroughly, so that they failed to enumerate the prefix usage under the ＂日＂ entry, besides, some related errors appeared. The paper is going to discuss the problems in Xu＇s dictionary comprehensively.