五个城市体重正常和超重儿童青少年饮食行为调查

Eating Behaviors of Overweight and Normal-weight Children and Adolescents in Five Cities

目的了解5个城市体重正常和超重儿童青少年的饮食状况,为制定营养教育和干预措施提供依据。方法选择北京、厦门、广州、哈尔滨、兰州5个城市的50所中小学校,根据2005-2006年中小学生体检结果筛选体重正常和超重儿童,使用自行设计的《儿童青少年膳食状况调查问卷》对7 255名9～15岁学生进行问卷调查,了解儿童青少年的膳食状况等。结果各城市学生不经常吃早餐应答率差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),兰州学生不经常吃早餐应答率最高;超重学生不经常吃早餐应答率高于体重正常学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。各城市学生不吃早餐的原因主要为不饿或不想吃、没有足够的时间。各地区间学生不良饮食行为差异主要有睡觉前吃东西、不常喝牛奶(酸奶)、喜好食用油脂和甜食、喜好食用西式快餐、喜好饮用碳酸饮料、偏食,差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05)。超重学生不常喝牛奶(酸奶)的应答率高于体重正常学生,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论5个城市儿童青少年存在着程度不同的不良饮食行为,一些不良饮食习惯可能是超重的危险因素。应继续加强健康教育和营养教育,确保儿童青少年健康成长。

Objective To identify the dietary status of overweight and normal-weight children and adolescents, and to provide evidence for nutrition education and appropriate intervention. Methods Normal-weight and overweight students were selected from 50 primary and secondary schools in 5 cities （Beijing, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Harbin and Lanzhou） , according to the results of physical examination in 2005-2006. A self-designed dietary questionnaire was conducted to survey 7 255 students aged from 9 to 15, to find out their dietary status. Results The difference in the rate of skipping breakfast among 5 cities was statistically significant （P〈0.01）. The students in Lanzhou had the highest rate of skipping breakfast. The rate of skipping breakfast of overweight students were higher than that of normal-weight students, and the differences had statistical significance （P〈0.01）. The main reasons of skipping breakfast in all regions were not hungry, not want to eat, or not have enough time. The difference of poor eating behaviors among 5 cities existed, including eating before sleep, not frequently drinking milk （yogurt）, prefer eating fats and sweets, prefer eating western-style fast food, prefer drinking carbonated drinks, and food preference, with statistical significance （P〈0.05）. The rate of not frequently drinking milk （yogurt） in overweight students was higher than that in normal-weight students, with statistical significance （P〈0.05 ）. Conclusion Children and adolescents in 5 cities have poor eating behaviors at different levels. Some of these poor eating behaviors may be risk factors of over-weight. Continuous health and nutrition education should be given to children and adolescents to ensure their health.