摘要
Since the derivation of embryonic stem （ES） cell lines from human blastocysts in 1998 [1], ES cells have emerged as a potential source of cells and tissues that could be used for cell replacement therapy of incurable degenerative diseases. This is due to their remarkable pluripotency, which enables them to differentiate into any adult cell type of the three embryonal germ layers. Indeed, several groups have reported the successful differentiation of ES cells into adult-type cell lineages including, but not limited to： cardiomyocytes, hematopoietic cells, hepatocytes,
