“道体下移”与晚明基层社会的教育困境——兼及晚明塾师职业生存伦理的异变

"Downward Doctrine" and Education Predicament in Late Ming Dynasty

通过对韩愈《师说》与明末张履祥《处馆说》中"师道"的比较,不难揭示出晚明士人对基层社会教育中"道体下移"的种种感悟。这种"道体下移"实际上反映出了晚明基层社会教育——尤其是经学教育——工具理性的强化。经学教育中对生活理性与理性生活之养成能力的下降,成为晚明基层社会教育的一个困境所在。这种困境的形成,从根本上说,乃是由于晚明社会变迁中"仕途经济"的强化,以及"科举必由学校"的体制效应使然。这种教育困境的濡染与影响,在一定程度上也促动了晚明塾师自身职业生存伦理,从"传圣道"向"做生意"的潜在转换与异变,这也成为晚明基层社会教育困境深化的一个外在表征所在。

The comparison of Han Yu＇s and Zhang Luxiang＇s essays show different awareness by intellectuals in the late Ming dynasty for the ＂downward doctrine＂. The inability of developing rational life mode became the predicament of edu cation,which arose from the strengthening trend of ＂official economy＂ and ＂official from school＂system. The predicament promoted to some extent the professional ethics of teachers as well as an outside presentation of intellectual life in the late Ming.