云中君·雨师·云雨——《云中君》的民俗学新证

Monarch of Clouds,Rain God,and the Sport of Cloud and Rain:A New Study of the Folklore of Monarch of Clouds

殷商卜辞中云神只是天帝属下的小神,《九歌.云中君》专章祭祀云神,而且云中君又是《九歌》中唯一被称为"帝"的大神,值得深思。《楚辞》中,云中君的名字为丰隆,又叫屏翳,实际丰隆是雷神的名字,屏翳则是雨师的名字,云中君缺失了名字。其实,云中君是西方大神少昊,为落霞之神。南楚尤重以歌舞祭祀云神,具有悠久而深厚的历史文化和民间习俗背景,导致了《云中君》"人神恋爱"特色,发展成南楚特有的"云雨"情结。

In the oracle inscriptions of the Yin Dynasty and the Shang Dynasty the Deity of Clouds is an insignificant one under the leadership of the Lord of Heaven. One of the chapters in Jiuge Yunzhongjun （ Monarch of Clouds） is devoted to a descrip- tion of offering sacrifices to the Deity of Clouds, and Monarch of Clouds is the only powerful deity called ＂God＂ in Jiuge, which is worth pondering. In The Songs of the South Monarch of Clouds is named as Feng Long and also called Ping Yi. As a matter of fact, Feng Long is the name of the Deity of Thunder, and Ping Yi is the name of Rain God. Therefore, Monarch of Clouds is without a name. Actually, Monarch of Clouds is a mighty god known as Shao Hao in the west, who is the Deity of Sunset Clouds. In South Chu particular importance was attached to offering songs and dances to the Deity of Clouds, which had the background of a long profound historical culture and folk customs, leading to the feature of ＂the love between man and deity＂ in Monarch of Clouds, which developed into the complex of ＂ the sport of cloud and rain＂ peculiar to South Chu.