水贫困测量及应用的国际研究进展

Progresses in the international research on water poverty measure and application

水贫困理论导源于一般的贫困理论,该理论确定了人们为了消除贫困必须具备的五种能力。五种基本能力与人们生存发展的五种生计资本以及水贫困的五个维度三者之间存在某种对应关系;水贫困的定义仍然处于争论之中,但是任何人对它的限定至少都包含着生计资本的一个或者多个方面。水贫困的测量也经历了由单个变量到多个变量、由相等权重到不同权重、由简单到复杂的演变过程。水贫困研究结果的分析方法也有五种之多,各有所侧重。在水贫困理论研究的国际应用方面,最具有代表性的成果是Caroline Sullivan博士于2002年在测算了各国WPI的基础上,对世界上147个国家的WPI得分进行了排队,结果芬兰以78.0的得分高居榜首,海地得分35.1分,列147位,中国得51.1分,居106位,并且根据计算数据编制了全球WPI地图。在国别研究中, Claudia Heidecke于2006对贝宁全国各地区的WPI值进行了计算,经研究,建立了贝宁的WPI地理空间数据库。另外,WPI还可在流域和社区尺度上应用。近年来,水贫困理论进一步发展为WWI和CVI,显示出水贫困理论的前景和发展趋势。

Abstract ： In recent years, due to the impact of global change, the environmental situation of water resources is getting worser and worser in the world, the supply situation of water resources is getting more tension in some countries and districts. The shortage problem of water resources has general theory of poverty, and linked to the developme that water resources have been exploited for people and nt, th begun to attract people＇ s attention. It is started from the use and management of water resource and the capacity e impact water resources have caused for people＇ s livelihood, then the WPI theory can be formed. WPI theory is getting an important tool, by which the water resources can increasingly be integrated management. The water poverty theory derives from general poverty theory, and five kinds of basic capacities for people to alleviate the poverty are identified in this theory. There are some corresponding relations between these basic capacities, five livelihoods capital and five dimensionalities of water poverty. Desai determined five kinds of basic capacities for people to maintain living in 1995. These five basic capacities respectively are： capability to stay alive/enjoy prolonged life; capability to ensure biological reproduction; capability for healthy living; capability for social interaction and capability to have knowledge and freedom of expression and thought. Based on these, Salameh brought up the concept of water poverty firstly in 2000. Salameh （2000） defined water poverty as the availability （wealth or poverty） of water resources for domestic and food production needs for the population of a certain area. Although the definition of water poverty has still been disputed, the definition whoever gives should include one aspect of livelihoods capitals or more at least. Lately, Sullivan established a mapping relationship between Scoones＇ s five kinds of livelihood capital and five kinds of dimension of water poverty, as a resuit, she established a new framework for in-depth study of the theory of water poverty. The measure of water poverty used to adopt the method of composite index, this method of measuring of water poverty has gone through a developing process that is from single variable to multiple variables, from same weight to heterogeneous weight, from being simple to being complicated： The application process of this method is as follows ： firstly, the water poverty is decomposed by five dimensions which are composed of the situation of potential water resources, the situation of water supply facilities, the capacity of water resources utilization, the use efficency of water resource and the envi-ronmental effect which is caused by using water resources; secondly, the weight of all kind of dimensions is determined in water poverty index, at present, the same weight is generally adopted; thirdly, the WPI is calculated after weighting all sub-components. The sketch and analysis are made after calculating outcome. The analytical methods of the result of water poverty research are up to five now, and place different emphasis on research result. The radar sketch of five dimensions is applied at most in icon analysis. Their advantages of radar sketch lied in that they can intuitively a. Thus erty, the world in show out the relative value of five dimensions and diagnosed easily out the weaknesses of IWRM in the purpose of IWEM can be strengthened. In international application of the theoretical study of study arewater povmost representative outcome is that Caroline Sullivan have queued the WPI for 147 countries all over the 2002. This queue was based on measureing WPI of all kind of countries. As a result, Finland scored 78.0 totop, Haiti scored 35.1 and ranked 147, China has only just 51.1 and ranked 106. On this basis, Caroline Sullivan has established the WPI map for the globle. In the study of the country, Claudia Heidecke has calculated the WPI for Benin all over the country in 2006. He has established the Geo-spatial-database for Benin after his study. In addition, WPI may applicate to river basin and community scale. In recent years, water poverty theory has further been developed as WWI and CVI, which shows the prospects and development trend of water poverty theory.