晚清刑部皂役收入研究

A Study on Runners' Income of Xingbu

皂役收入的多寡和构成直接影响清代基层行政的运作。嘉道年间的刑部国家额设皂役俸禄,据乾隆以来的定例足额支取。至咸丰年间,清政府财政支绌,他们的俸禄没能据定例如数发放。1881年后,刑部国家额设皂役的俸禄仅维持在定例的四成。无论足额还是折扣支取,晚清刑部皂役俸禄都非常低,单纯依靠俸禄难以维持生计,必须依赖刑部补贴,并通过滥用权力获得收入。晚清中央各部皂役收入,刑部是较高的,可见晚清皂役滥用权力,以权谋私的普遍化,既有人事的原因,更有制度的弊端。

The amount and composition of runners＇ （Zaoyi） income directly affected the operation of the basic administrative system of Qing Dynasty. In the period of Jiaqing and Daoguang, the salary of the runners of Xingbu, who got salary from Hubu, was fully released by the amount determined in Qianlong period. In the period of Xianfeng, their salary was released by other currency, and the actual amount was continually reduced. After 1881, their salary was released by forty percent of full amount. The salary of the runners of Xingbu, who got salary form Xingbu, had little changes. Whether fully or discounted released, the salary of the runners of Xingbu was low, and they couldn＇t make a living only depending on the salary. Their lives had to depend on the subsidies of Xingbu and the income got by the abuse of power. In the departments of Central Government of Qing Dynasty, the salary of the runners of Xingbu was relatively higher. Therefore, in Late-Qing period, the abuse of power of the runners had the cause of personal and system defects.