俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司的地位及发展战略研究

A Study on Status and Development Strategies of Gazprom

俄罗斯的天然气储量和产量均位居世界前列,而俄罗斯天然气工业股份公司2011年公布的储量为35.05×1012m3,约占全俄储量的78%;产量为5132×108m3,约占全俄产量的77%。俄气还控制着世界最大的天然气管道运输网络,独家垄断全俄天然气出口经营权,甚至影响着俄天然气工业政策制订到执行的每一个环节。俄气公司还拥有大规模的电力、传媒、金融等资产,同时还经营着航空和铁路运输、无线通讯、IT等业务。由于俄气公司在俄罗斯政治经济生活中的重要地位,使之成为国内经济的晴雨表,更是成为俄罗斯内政外交和能源政治中的重要工具。虽然近年俄气面临诸多挑战,但未能从根本上动摇其在国内外天然气市场的地位。俄气公司未来的发展战略,一是继续强化行业领袖和垄断出口商地位,并扩大综合影响力。为此,2011年俄气公司资本投入达到13277亿卢布,继2010年大幅提高40%之后再次同比提高50.3%。二是以强硬姿态扩大世界天然气市场份额,增量不减价。力求西方市场稳中有升,维持垄断供应商地位;在亚太市场实现突破,获取10%～15%的市场份额;同时遏制中亚国家的出口独立。我国石油企业与俄气公司开展合作,其实质是与俄罗斯国家层面的经济和能源战略的合作。要从更高层面深入分析俄气公司所处的市场地位和战略得失,同时从更广阔和长远的角度考虑我国经济和能源发展状况,寻找相应的对策。

Russia′s natural gas reserve and production are both among the highest worldwide.Gazprom ′s natural gas reserves in 2011,according to the company′ s statement,stood at 35.05 ×1012m3,representing around 78% of Russia′ s total natural gas reserves that year.The company ′ s natural gas output in 2011 was 5132 × 108m3,accounting for about 77% of the country′s total.Gazprom also controls the world′s biggest natural gas pipeline network and has the exclusive right to export natural gas in Russia.The company ′ s influence even reaches every link of Russia′ s natural gas decision making process from policy making to implementation.Gazprom also owns large-scale power,media and financial assets,operates airlines,railways,wireless communication and IT business.The company is the barometer of the Russian economy and an important tool in Russia′s domestic and diplomatic affairs and energy politics due to its heavyweight position in Russia ′ s political and economic lives.Despite the many challenges faced with in recent years,Gazprom′s position in the domestic and international markets has been very stable.The company ′s future development strategy can be summarized as:Firstly,continuing to consolidate its position as an industry leader and monopoly in export and strengthening its influence.To achieve these objectives,the company made a capital investment of 1.3277 trillion ruble in 2011,up 50.3% from the previous year,after an investment surge of 40% in 2010.Secondly,expanding its share of the global natural gas market in a tough posture,i.e.,increasing supply but refusing to cut prices.The company is hoping to steadily increase its share of the western market and maintain its position as a monopoly supplier.In the Asian Pacific market,the company aims to make a breakthrough and get a 10%-15% market share.Lastly,preventing Central Asian countries from exporting natural gas independently.The cooperation between Chinese oil companies and Gazprom is actually an economic and energy strategic cooperation at the national level.Domestic enterprises should carry out an indepth analysis of Gazprom ′s market position and strategic gains and losses from a deeper perspective and seek solutions by considering China′s status of economic and energy development from a wider and longer-term perspective.