唐代制举的常科化及其政治意涵

From Imperial Examination to Ordinary Examination in Tang Dynasty: The Evolution and Its Political Significance

制举与常科同为唐代科举制度的重要组成部分,二者有不同的职权归属,其一般规制为:皇帝主制举,政府主常科。考察唐代制举的实际运行情况,作者发现,这个制度呈现了常科化的发展趋向。唐代制举的常科化,说明皇帝通过制举的扩张,来压缩常科的领地;与此同步发生的是,皇帝通过各种途径干涉常科考试,渐渐把常科变成了制科。制举的常科化与常科的制科化,具有同样的政治背景,即皇权对行政权力的侵夺。

Both Imperial Examination and Ordinary Examination are the important parts of the system in governmental examination of Tang Dynasty,they belonged to different political powers. The general rule is: the emperor mastering the imperial examination, and the government managing the ordinary examination. But, by investigating the actual evolutional process of the Imperial Examination of Tang Dynasty, the writer discovered that, it showing the feature of ordinary examination. This phenomenon manifested that, the emperor had been lowering the position of ordinary examination by promoting the imperial examination;at the same time,the emperor interfering the ordinary examination by all ways, made it become the imperial examination gradually. Whether the imperial examination became ordinary examination, or the ordinary examination became imperial examination, had the same political background, that was, the imperial power had been invading the administrating powers of office.