大规模教育考试科学属性之理论和实践思考

Theoretical and Practical Thinking on Scientific Attribute of Large-Scale Educational Examinations

大规模教育考试的科学属性至少应该包括教育和心理测量学约束要求和考试的社会学约束要求两个层面。考试分数的可靠性、考试结果解释和使用的有效性、考试的公平性和考试对社会、学校教育教学的影响是考试科学属性的基本要素,这是考试的目的和结果的使用决定的,每一要素都有其独特的科学内涵。考试实践中,无论是考试测量目标的制定,试卷结构的确定,考试内容样本的采集,试题情景材料的选择和设问,难度的设置,考试后的评价等都应该围绕提高考试的科学性、提高考试的质量进行。

The scientific attribute of large-scale educational examinations at least includes such two aspects as the requirements of educational and psychometric,and of sociology.The fundamental elements of the scientific attribute of examinations are made of the reliability of grades,the validity of the explanations and usages of the results,the fairness of examinations and the influences of examinations on society and education.They are formed by the purposes and the usage of examinations,and they have their own meaning separately.To improve examinations more scientific and to make the examinations quality higher are the centre of the formulation of examination purposes,the structure of testing papers,the collection of testing samples,the selection and design of testing materials,the plan of the degree of difficulty and the appraisal of examinations.