生态位理论的发展及其在生态学各领域中的应用

Development of niche theory and its application in each fields of ecology.

生态位是生态学领域中一个极为重要的概念,是生态学最重要的基础理论之一.该文系统总结了生态位概念的演变历史,生态位概念已从生境生态位、功能生态位、超体积生态位发展到时间生态位;试图将生态位理论研究进展加以综述,阐述了生态位理论在动物生态学、森林生态学、城市生态学、生态农业等方面的应用.合理利用生态位理论,使其在自然生态系统和社会生态系统中形成了强有力的理论分析和实践指导工具.最后就生态位理论在生态学中的应用前景进行了展望.

Niche is an extremely important concept in ecology.It is one of the most important basic theories of ecology.The concept of niche was summarized in this paper.During the past century,Grinnell's(1917) 'spatial niche',Elton's(1927) 'functional niche' and Hutchinson's(1957) 'n-dimentional hypervolume niche',ZHANG Guang-ming's(1997) 'time niche' were the four categories of the definition of niche.The paper tries to review the development of niche theory and its application in zoological research,forest ecological study,urban research and ecological agriculture.It had been a powerful tool for theory analyses and in practice for rational utilization in natural ecosystem and social ecosystem.Finally,the prospect of niche theory in ecology is discussed.