论唯物史观的自然维度——兼谈马克思恩格斯自然观的异同

On the Natural Dimension of Historical Materialism——Discussion of the Similarities and Differences Between Marx and Engels' Natural View

马克思和恩格斯对人与自然关系的研究具有着不同视角:马克思从现实的人的劳动实践出发,重点考察人类社会的特定形态,强调人与自然物质变换的社会历史条件,其中实践在人与自然关系中起着中介的作用;恩格斯则从自然发展的历史考察自然,利用自然科学的成果揭示自然界的普遍联系和辩证发展,描述物质自然界从无机界向人类社会的演化过程,因而,自然是由近现代自然科学得以说明的统一的和发展的物质世界。然而,他们之间的区别是建立在人与自然根本性一致的实践基础上的。把马克思恩格斯对立起来解读无益于从整体上把握马克思主义的当代价值和革命意义。

Abstract： Marx and Engels have differem angles of view as to the relation between man and nature ： Marx embarks from the real person＇s work and practice, reviews the specific shape of human society, emphasizes the social historical condition about the material transformation between man and nature, in which practice acts as a intermediary function. Engels reviews nature from the historical development, uses natural sciences achievement to reveal the universal relation and dialectical development, and describes the process of material nature from inorganic sphere to the human society. Thus, nature is the unified and developing material world illustrated by the near modem natural sciences. However,the difference is established on the basis of a fundamental consistency between man and nature. A conflicting interpretation of Marx and Engels does harm to the grasp of the Marxist contemporary value and the revolutionary significance.