土地退化的社会经济因素

Land degradation: its social economic demensions

土地退化是一个复杂的社会－经济－生态现象，其社会经济成因是理解和控制其发生发展的关键。针对国内土地退化研究多实例分析，少理论探讨的现象，本文评述了国外资源环境管理界在这一领域的主要理论发展，介绍和讨论了解释土地退化的政治生态学方法、”公有资源的悲剧”理论和公有资源产权理论的新制度体系学说，并探讨中国北方草原地区草地退化的社会经济和制度体系因素，提出了从制度体系方面进一步解决草地退化问题的建议。

Land degradation has attracted the world's attention for decades. The recognition of its intensity, extent, and particularly its driving forces experienced great change. The paradigm in explanation has shifted from physical factors/management practices to a diverse set of socioeconomic and political factors. These factors include nationalinternational politicaleconomic structures, property rights, resource institutions, and national agriculturalpastoral development policies, which dominate the discussion and lead to the development of new theories. The 'tragedy of the commons' theory, political ecology approach and neoinstitutionalism discourse all took their role in the field of resource management. In the case of grassland degradation in Northern China's steppe area, the explanation in the past largely rested on population change and government policies that promoted cropping in the fringe of the steppedesert.