战后至八十年代初世界博物馆的发展

The development of museums throughout the world from the postwar to the beginning of eighties

在本文中,作者简要回顾了自第二次世界大战后至八十年代初英、法、德、美等西方国家以及其他一些国家博物馆发展的情况,并对这些发展进行了分析研究。作者以为在战后至八十年代初这段时期内,随着社会需要的增长,博物馆由最初的收藏机构演变为收藏、教育和研究机构。在知识占主导地位的社会里,博物馆的教育功能更加突出。近三十年来科学技术的迅速发展,教育过程不仅在传统的学校内进行,一切社会文化机构都可以作为实施教育的必要手段。博物馆作为其中之一为人们提供了最有意义的知识、新鲜的情报以及大众化了的科学技术和艺术实践机会。博物馆打破了“请勿动手”的禁戒,为观众提供了更多、更完善的实践条件。

In the article, the author briefly reviews the developments of museums from the postwar to the peginning of 1980s in some western countries as Britain, France, German, the United states and so on. He analyses and studies the developments. The author deems during the period from the postwar to the beginning of 1980s, due to the increase of requirements of society, the museum have changed from previous collection-storing institution into one with collection, education and research as its purpose. In the society where knowledge holds sway, the function of museums are more conspicuous, with the rapid development of scientific technology in recent 30 years, except for tradi tional schools, all the social and cultural institutions have proved to be necessary means to carry out education. As one of them, museums have provided the most meaningful knowledge and new information to people and opportunities for the practice of popular scientific technology and arts. Museums have broken the rule of 'Dont touch the exhibits' and provided visitors with more and perfected conditions for practice.