干扰型错误与对比分析

CONTRASTIVE ANALYSIS AND INTERFERENCE ERRORS OF CHINESE LEARNERS OF ENGLISH

纠正学生的语言错误是外语教学的一个重要任务,把握学生错误的性质和根源是有效地消除错误,提高学生语言和言语能力的关键。 在外语学习过程中,母语的习惯常常在语音、语法和词汇等方面干扰学生,导致错误。这种现象,在五十年代末六十年代初开始成为语言学和语言教学领域里的研究中心之一。在当时流行的行为主义心理学影响下,新的语言学理论——结构语言学应运而生。结构语言学家们认为: 语言是一种习惯。(Brook,1964:49) ……因而学习一门外语的过程就是改变母语习惯,建立新的语言习惯的过程。(Banatky等,1966:17) 在“形成习惯(habit—formation)”的过程中,母语的习惯时常迁移到新的语言行为中。由于母语和外语之间存在着异同,这种迁移可产生两种相反的作用:正迁移(Bosiive Transfer)和负迁移(Negative Transfer),两种语言在结构上的相似之处可以引起正迁移,它对新的语言习惯的形成起着积极作用;而相异之处则引起负迁移,干扰着新的语言习惯的形成,导致错误。Politzer和Selinker等把这类错误称为“干扰型”错误。 语言学家们认为,母语的干扰是造成外语学习上的困难并导致错误产生的根源。运用对比分析(简称CA)可以有效地预见这些困难,从而避免错误。Lado指出:通过系统地比较母语和外语的结构,可以预见?

The correction of learner errors is one of the major tasks for language teachers and frustrations often visit us when the same error appears again and again after a certain linguistic rule has been taught repeatedly. From our successes and failures in dealing with learner errors, we learn that different types of errors need different remedies.The system of the native language (NL) causes strong interference in learners of a second language(L2) or a foreign language(FL) and its effect can be found at different linguistic levels.Errors resulting from this phenomenon can be easily and clearly explained through the comparison of certain linguistic features of NL and the target language (TL).As a pre~ liminary step towards understanding the range of interference from NL, Contrastive Analysis(CA) has proved useful for this pedagogical purpose.