枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)品种结实特性研究

Characteristics of Fruiting and Fertility of Different Cultivars of Ziziphus jujuba Mill.

对河北省沧县枣种质资源圃124个和山西果树研究所国家枣种质资源圃156个枣品种(品系)在自花授粉和自然授粉条件下的结实及种仁发育情况进行了调查。结果表明,供试品种自然授粉和自花授粉条件下的平均结实率(结果数/100枣吊)分别为37.06%、20.63%,变幅分别为4.17%～175.00%、0%～163.64%,平均可育率(含仁果实/果实总数×100%)分别为12.10%、3.07%,变幅均为0%～100%;自花结实率和自然结实率极显著正相关,相关系数0.597;供试枣品种可分成自花不实异花可实不育、自花不实异花可育、自花异花均可实不育、自花可实不育异花可育、自花异花都可育等5种结实类型,分别占总品种数的10.27%、16.06%、45.19%、17.15%、11.33%;筛选出稳定表现自花不实或自花可实不育而异花授粉可育率高且种仁饱满的品种2个(小枣4、小墩墩枣),种仁较饱满的5个(洪赵十月红、广东白枣、大荔圆枣、小枣25、圆铃枣),利用这些品种做母本进行杂交育种时可省略去雄程序,有效解决因枣花小去雄难的问题;蛤蟆枣、团枣、无核小枣、马牙枣、核桃纹等自花不实而异花可实的品种,在栽植时应配置授粉树。

The fruit and seed development of 124 Chinese jujube cultivars in Cangxian County Jujube Repository and 156 Chinese jujube cultivars in National Jujube Repository, Shanxi were investigated. The results showed that average percentage of fruits to bearing shoots （PFTBS） under natural pollination and self-pollination were 37.06% and 20.63% , with the range of 4. 17%- 175.00% and 0%- 163.64% , respectively, while average percentage of fruit with seed （PFWS） under natural pollination and self-pollination were 12.10% and 3.07% , both ranged from 0% to 100%. PFTBS under self-pollination showed significant positive correlation with PFTBS under natural-pollination, （ r = 0. 597）. All the tested cultivars could be devided into five types according to their fruiting charactoristics, i.e. self-（self-pollination） fruitless and natural-（natural-pollination） sterility, self-fruitless and natural-fertility, sterility under both self-and natural-pollination, self-sterility and natural-fertility, fertility un- der both self-and natural-pollination. The five types counted for 10.27%, 16.06%, 45.19%, 17. 15% and 11.33% , respectively. Two cuhivars with plump seeds and five cultivars with relative-plump seeds under natural polllination together with stable characteristics of self-fruitless or natural-sterility were selected to be further used in jujube cross breeding for their advantages of omitting stamen removing. Pollinating cuhivars are necessary for cultivar Hamazao, Tuanzao, Wuhexiaozao, Mayazao and Hetaowen because of their characteristic of self-fruitless and fruitfulness after natural or cross pollination.