社会理论中的惩罚:道德过程与权力技术

Punishment in Social Theory:Moral Process and Power Technic

惩罚是法律与社会理论中的一个重要论题。在惩罚问题上,涂尔干和福柯对于近代以来残酷惩罚的衰落,以及从酷刑到监禁的历史变迁都做了分析,并且都触及到国家权力与个人权利相互加强、螺旋上升的现代趋势。而在分析思路和认知态度上,二人却表现出明显不同。关于惩罚,涂尔干坚持一种道德观点,视惩罚为道德过程,而福柯则坚持一种政治观点,视惩罚为权力技术。由这两种不同的典型观点,可以洞察人和国家在现代社会所遭遇的道德和政治困境。就此困境而言,在现代进程中,维护和加强人和国家的道德向度显得尤为必要。

Punishment is an important thesis in law and social theory. To this thesis, both Emile Durkheim and Michel Foucault provided analyses about the decline of excruciation and the historical transition from torture to imprisonment, and revealed the modem trend that state power and individual rights reinforced one another. However, at the level of cognitive approach and value evaluation, there are important differences between Emile Durkheim and Michel Foucault. With regard to punishment, Emile Durkheim conceived a moral viewpoint and treated it as a moral process, but Michel Foucault held a political viewpoint and treated it as a technology of power. By comparing these typical opinions, we can apperceive the moral and political dilemma of human and state in modem society. At this point, it appears to be very important and necessary to maintain and reinforce the moral dimension of human and state in the progression toward modernity.