砭石类型与形制新探

New exploration on the types and forms of stone needle

砭石在治疗疾病中的基本用途是切割痈脓和刺泻瘀血，因而在形制上需具有锋利的刃口或细长的尖锋。结合相应的考古出土实物，细石器中的砭石，主要为刮削器、尖状器和石镞。磨制石器中的砭石，按照形制和功能可以分为三大类，即用于锥刺的锥尖状砭石，如石针、石锥、石镞等；用于切割的刀镰状砭石，如石刀、石镰、石锛、石凿等；兼具切割和锥刺功能的戈矛状砭石，如石矛、石剑、玉（石）戈等。从古代文献记载的使用情况来看，其中用于锥刺的锥尖状砭石应是古代砭石的主流。有关学者提出的用于熨烫、按摩及扣击体表的砭石，并不属于古代砭石的范畴。

The basic use of stone needles in curing disease is cutting the carbuncles and purulences and pricking and draining off the sores. As a result, the forms of stone needle need to have a sharp cutting edge or slender point. Combining with corresponding unearthed material objects of archeology, the microlith- ic stone needle of mainly consists of a scraper, tip-like device and stone arrowheads. The stone needle of polished stone implements can be divided into three categories according to different forms and functions, that is conical-tip stone needles for pricking, e.g. lithostyle, coup de poing and stone arrowhead etc. ; sickle-shaped needle stone for cutting, e.g. stone knife, stone sickle, stone adze and stone chisel etc; spear - shaped stone needle for both cutting and pricking, e.g. stone spear, stone sword, jade（stone） spear etc. From the usage cases recorded in the ancient literature, the conical - tip stone needle for pricking ought to be the most used of the ancient stone needles. Use of the stone needle for hot stroking, massage and knocking at the body surface, which was raised by some related scholars, does not belong to the domain of ancient stone needles.