中国传统政治的王道和霸道

Sage Rule & Power Rule in Chinese Traditional Politics

周朝的天子称王,周的政治理念是"王道",也是儒家倾心的理想政治。周的王道政治对统治者有"德"的要求,是所谓"德政"。孔子提出"仁政"概念,主张士人参政议政。春秋战国的霸道政治背离了周的王道。秦制取代周制,霸道的色彩明显,但传统皇朝政治实质上是杂用王道和霸道。主张王道的儒学始终从统治者的角度思考政治,因而不能成为政治学;法家所言之法是统治之法,不限制君权,所以是"霸道"的理论。中国政治文化在20世纪才有了民权、民主、宪法等全新的概念。

The ruler of Zhou is called King and its political principle is the sage rule that is admired by Confucianism.Zhou＇s sage rule is based on the clan ethics and claimed for the morality of the King himself,so,it is called the moral politics.Confucian set up the concept of man-hearted rule,advocating that the bachelors to participate and comment the rule.The power rule in Spring and Autumn Period was deviated from the Zhou＇s sage rule.The Qinshihuang system is a power rule system,but in fact,the Chinese emperors had always advertised the sage rule.Confucianism,even called for the sage rule,is not a kind of political theory for that it just deliberated the political issues in stand of ruling class.The law of legalism is just the law for emperor＇s rule,no limits to the power of the emperor himself.So it is a kind of power rule theory.In 20th century,the Chinese political culture has become rich with some new political concepts like the civil rights,democracy and constitution.