论唐人咏松的审美变化及士人的精神追求

The Changes of the Tang Dynasty Scholars' Aesthetic Values About Pine Trees and Their Spiritual Pursuits

松以其四时常绿的秉性,在我国传统文化中深受士人重视。松所象征的正直内涵在先秦文化中已经出现。唐前士人对于松的审美意义开发,在其内在品质和外在形象上都围绕君子的各种品德而展开。在唐代,由于时代环境造成士人精神追求兴趣的转移,初盛唐和中晚唐士人对松的审美及热情出现明显的差异。初盛唐士人对松的态度比较淡然,咏松诗作较少,即使咏画松,也多数注重画面形象的逼真,对松的文化象征意义关注不多。中晚唐士人咏画松的诗作,审美标准已由前期的崇尚逼真,开始转向追求画外的神韵,将松丰富的文化蕴涵与士子们的人格品性关联发扬到极致。他们对松的这种审美取向是其日常生活中喜爱松树时尚的体现。在崇尚直道、气节、以圣贤自期的中晚唐士人心中,松树成为他们寄托人格精神的最好自然物象之一。

Pine trees, being green all through the four seasons, are highly adored by scholars in Chinese traditional culture. The righteousness represented by pines has been explored from the Qin Dynasty onwards. In the pre - Tang times, the aesthetic values of pines is explored from the perspective of human moralify represented internally and externally by pine trees. The present paper holds that there existed striking differences in the aesthetic values of and the then scholars＇ interest in pines because of the transfer of scholars＇ pursuit and enthusiasm. Scholars in the early Tang Dynasty, with an indifferent attitude toward pines, seldom wrote poems about pines; and when they did occasionally, they focused on the outer appearance of pines instead of their inherent cultural symbolism. However, those scholars in the middle and late Tang tended to pursue the internal charm of pines and established a strong connection between scholars＇ characters and pines＇ cultural significance, which was the external representation of their adoration with pines. Therefore pines were regarded as one of the best natural things which corresponded with the personality of those saint - scholars advocating righteousness and integrity in the late Tang.