基于公共物品理论的中国西北生态脆弱区资源退化分析

Analysis on the resources degeneration of the ecological fragile areas in northwest China based on public goods theory

不同类型的物品使生产者和消费者面临不同的激励与约束条件。公共物品理论是研究公共事务的一种现代经济理论。由于在使用上具有一定的非排他性,我国西北生态脆弱区广大的林地、草场以及有限的水资源等公共资源在很大程度上属于准公共物品。基于公共物品理论的认识,从人的行为选择与人口的增长角度深入剖析了生态脆弱区资源环境退化的机理与过程,并在此基础上探讨了公共资源的演化轨迹。分析表明:在资源的开发初期和中期,外在经济利益的刺激是导致资源开发强度不断加大,并逐步出现退化的主要原因。然而当资源的开发程度超过其可持续承载力之后,由于人口增长的惯性,长时间人口增长带来的生存压力逐渐开始显现出来,引起资源退化的动力已有外在的经济刺激演化为内在的生存压力。人口超载已经成为加速公共资源枯竭和地区贫困的最主要因素。

Different kind goods cause the producer and the consumer faced with different drive and restraint conditions. Public good, as defined by economic theory, is good that, once produced, can be consumed by an additional consumer at no additional cost. A second characteristic is sometimes added, specifying that consumers cannot be excluded from consuming the public good once it is produced. The public goods theory is one kind of modem economic theory for researching public affairs. Because there is certain non - exclusiveness in the use, the forest lands, pastures as well as the limited water resources in the ecological fragile areas of Northwest China belong to the semi - public goods in some degree. Based on public goods theory, and from the point of hominine behavioral choice and population growth, the research analyzed the mechanism and the process of resources degeneration thoroughly. On this foundation, the evolved path of public resources in the ecological fragile areas was discussed. The analysis indicated that in the initial and intermediate period of resources exploitation, external economic stimulation is the main reason that causes the exploitive intensity of resources increaseing endlessly, and gradually appearing degenerated. However, when the exploitive intensity exceeds the resources sustainable supporting capacity, the survival pressure caused by long time population growth starts to appear gradually, and the driving forces of causing the resources degenerates have transfer to intrinsic survival pressure from external economical stimulation. Population overload becomes the most primary factor for aceelerateing the public resources depletion and areas poverty.