乘人之危与显失公平行为的性质及其立法安排

The Nature of "Hitting When Others Are Down"Act and Fair Loss and Legislative Arrangements

古罗马帝政时期的后期,罗马法上的"短少逾半规则"仅适用于土地买卖;法国民法中的合同损害规则在适用范围上具有严格限制,且长期存在理论分歧,而乘人之危在理论和实务上则被视为胁迫行为之一种;德国及其他国家或者地区的民法所规定的暴利行为中,乘人之危为产生此种行为的原因之一。我国《民法通则》及《合同法》将"乘人之危"和"显失公平"分别单独规定为法律行为无效的两种法定事由,使缺乏前提或者限制性条件的"显失公平"规则背离民法的公平理念。鉴于"乘人之危"的构成须以行为结果显失公平为要件,与显失公平同为导致法律行为相对无效的事由,故应将之重新回归暴利行为的发生原因的范围。

According to the late Roman law the ＂missing more than half of the rule＂ only applies to the sale of land. The contract damage rule in French Civil Law has rigid limitation in the scope of application with stringent constraints, and long - standing oretical differences. While, ＂hitting when others are down＇is regarded in theory and practice a coercive act. In Germany and other countries or regions, based on the Civil Code, ＂hitting when others are down＂ accounts for profiteering behavior act. China＇s ＂General Principles of Civil Law＂ and ＂Con- tract Law＂ will respectively regarded ＂hitting when ithers are down ＂ and ＂unconseionability＂ the legal act invalid. And the lack of the premise of ＂unconseionability or restrictive conditions deviates from the fair idea of the rules of civil law. The view ＂hitting when others are down ＂ will be required to act for the elements of the results of unconscionability, and uneonseionability for a relatively ineffective legal matter, it should be returned to the scope of profiteering behavior causes.