南极企鹅粪土地层、机体组织与卵中POPs含量分布及其生态环境意义

Distribution and Environmental Significance of POPs in Dropping-Amended Soil,Organisms and Eggs of Antarctic Penguins

对南极阿德雷岛企鹅栖息地粪土混合地层进行210Pb定年,同时采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)内标定量法测定了企鹅栖息地粪土混合地层及其机体组织中的有机氯污染物分布.结果表明:粪土混合地层中表层的有机氯污染物含量最高,w(PCBs),w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)分别为0.92,0.42和0.70 ng/g.与非栖息地的比较表明,通过有鸟类活动的粪土混合地层(营巢和粪便)输入的PCBs和OCPs比无鸟类生命途径的高.因此,海鸟成为将有机氯污染物带到南极大陆的媒介和途径.有机氯污染物主要分布在企鹅机体的脂质和脂肪中,其中脂肪和尾臀腺中的含量最高,脂肪中w(PCBs),w(HCB),w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)分别为126.9～277.0,43.2～197.0,未检出～20.7和79.4～110.1 ng/g.蛋卵中w(PCBs),w(DDTs),w(HCB)和w(HCHs)分别为0.4～0.9,2.4～10.3,6.0～10.2和0.1～0.4 ng/g,总积蓄水平依次为HCB>DDTs>PCBs>HCHs.对比PCBs在企鹅体内的积累与排出(粪土和产卵)过程可知,前者占主导地位.在南极企鹅机体组织和卵中检出PCBs和OCPs表明,有机氯农药可在鸟类动物体内积累与代间转移,在相当长的时期内难以消除.

Penguin dropping-amended soil from the Antarctic Ardley Island was analyzed by ^210ph dating. At the same time, we used a gas chromatography-electron capture detecter （GC-ECD） to determine accumulated organochlorine contaminant levels from penguin droppingamended soil and organisms. The results showed that the surface layer of dropping-amended soil had the highest concentration of organochlorine contaminants levels, which was PCBs of 0.92 ng/g, HCHs of 0.42 ng/g and DDTs of 0.70 ng/g. This showed that a higher import of PCBs and OCPs in dropping-amended soil occurred in areas of bird movement comparing with that of no bird movement. Therefore, seabirds are the media and pathway of organochlorine contaminants moving to the Antarctic continent. The organochlorine contaminants in penguin organisms mostly lie in lipids and fat. Their contents in fat and trail stern glands are much higher than in other organisms. The concentration ranges of PCBs, HCB, HCHs, DDTs in penguin fat are 126.9-277.0 ng/g, 43.2-197.0 ng/g, nd-20.7 ng/g and 79.4-110.1 ng/g, respectively. The concentration of PCBs, DDTs, HCB and HCHs in the penguin eggs are 0.4-0.9 ng/g, 2.4-10.3 ng/g, 6.0-10.2 ng/g and 0.1-0.4 ng/g, respectively. The samples of total accumulation level can be arranged as HCB 〉 DDTs 〉 PCBs 〉 HCHs. Compared with excrement from the penguin body, the accumulation of PCBs in its body plays a leading role. The accumulation of PCBs in bird eggs will directly contaminate the next generation. It will take a long time to eliminate this contamination in the southern ocean because of the pollutant accumulation in penguin organisms and eggs.