现代100m跑运动员速度、步态变化特征理论的应用

An Applicable Research on Theory of Changing Characters of Speed and Gait for Modern 100 m Runners

为了进一步探讨100m跑全程速度、步态变化及其在训练中人为控制的问题,研究首先采用纵向、横向比较分析的方法,对当前的研究成果进行分析,然后对于这些理论如何应用于实践作进一步探讨,以期发现100m跑速度节奏的基本规律和特点;研究的初衷希望能对当前理论予以整合并对其应用于训练实践的可操作性进行探讨。研究方法涉及文献资料法、专家调查法、回溯试验法、数理统计法、逻辑分析法等;结果表明:优秀运动员加速距离长的实质是速度储备大,我们训练中应当关注的是绝对速度的提高,应当强调的是动作速度,即有高步频保证的基础上来谈步长;作为步态特征的步长步频的变化是运动员高速跑中的自然协调,步长与步频应作为一个整体来理解才有意义,不同运动员个体其步长和步频是不相同的,也没有必要按照模型趋向一致的。对于具有一定训练基础之后的100m跑运动员的训练应当贯彻的指导思想是:1)速度训练为中心;2)提高加速跑阶段加速度;3)努力提高步频能力。

In order to explore the issue of the change of full-length speed and gait of 100m running and its manual control in the training,the authors try to analyze current researches by longitudinal and horizontal comparative analysis and then further discuss how these theories can be used in practice so as to discover the law and characteristics of the speed rhythm of 100m running. The purpose of this study is to integrate current research results and to explore the feasibility of the application of the theories into practice by means of literature review, expert investigation, back-- track test, mathematical statistics and logical analysis. The results are as follow. The essence of long accelerative length for excellent athletes is big speed reserve. The increase of absolute speed should be the concern in training and motion speed should be emphasized,which means step-length should be concerned only on the basis of the warranty of high step--frequency. The change of step length and frequency which represents gait character is athletes＇ natural reconciliation in high-speed running. Step length and frequency are significant only when they are regarded as a whole as different athletes have different step length and step frequency. Therefore it is not necessary to make them uniform according to the model. The guiding ideology that should be carried out in the training for the 100m runners with certain training foundations include regarding speed training as central, increasing accelerative speed in the stage of accelerative running and striving for the capacity of step frequency.