战国楚卜筮祈祷简中的“五祀”

‘Wusi'(five si) in the Slips Recording Prognostication Prayers of Chu Shamans in the Warring States Period

"五祀"即"户、灶、中霤、门、行",见于《周礼》、《仪礼》及《礼记》的有关篇章,在战国望山楚简、包山楚简、九店楚简、天星观一号墓楚简、秦家嘴楚简及新蔡葛陵楚简之中,也发现有"五祀"的记录。通过对简文的分析,我们发现简文中"五祀"用牲为"特牲",这与《礼记·月令》郑注所据《中霤礼》所记相同,同时,对于行神的祈祷,无论尊卑均以犬牲,此可补史记之不足。此外,简文中关于"五祀"的其他记载,有助于我们正确认识典籍之中的相关问题。

The five sacrifices(hu,zao,zhongliu,men,xing) appear in specific chapters in the three ancient ritual texts(Zhou Li,Yi Li and Li Ji),but they also appear in earlier inscriptions on wooden and bamboo slips from Chu discovered at Warring States tomb sites at Wangshan, Baoshan,Jiudian,Tianxingguan,Qinjiazui and Xincai-Geling.We find that the special sacrificed animal referred to in the slips conforms to a reference in Li Ji,and that the prayers to a particular deity are addressed to a sacrificial dog,filling a gap in our knowledge of the sacrifices. Other information gleaned from the slip inscriptions also augments the information contained in the three ancient ritual texts.