室内空气污染的健康风险评价

Health Risk Assessment of Indoor Air Pollution

运用微小环境结合问卷调查的方法，以在北京市区的初步调查为例，选择了几种主要的空气污染物——二氧化氮、二氧化硫、氨、甲醛、氡、苯和甲苯作为检测评价的对象，评价了北京市居民的各污染物的暴露，并在此基础上分析探讨其对北京市居民所产生的非致癌风险和致癌风险。结果表明，大部分暴露量源于室内环境；对于非致癌风险，在非新装修环境中。除苯之外，各年龄层次人群对各种污染物的危害商值均〈1，基本不对人体构成危害，苯的危害商值都〉1，可能对人体产生健康危害；在新装修的环境中，甲醛、苯和甲苯的危害商值明显高于非新装修的环境，甲醛和苯的危害商值都〉1，特别是对学龄前儿童危害更大。评价结果还表明，对于致癌风险，北京市区居民来自甲醛和苯的风险值都超出安全值范围（10^-4～10^-6），氡对吸烟人群的致癌风险远大于非吸烟人群，每年因氡、甲醛和苯而产生的癌症病例约为285人，共占北京市区每年新增癌症病例的1，57％。室内污染特别是因装修引起的室内污染应得到重视。

Based on the framework of health risk assessment, together with the data obtained from monitoring of major microenvironments in the urban area of Beijing, risk levels of different age groups of people in Beijing who had been exposed to air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ammonia, formaldehyde, radon, benzene and toluene were evaluated, and their carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were assessed. It was indicated that most of the exposure came from indoor environments, and the exposure level of benzene in non-newly decorated buildings could result in significant non-carcinogenic health risks whilst the other pollutants did not. In newly decorated buildings, the non-carcinogenic risks were higher than that in non-newly decorated ones. The carcinogenic risks of urban inhabitants in Beijing deriving from formaldehyde and benzene exceeded a safe range of 10^-4 to 10^-6. The expected carcinogenic incidence for non-smoking people exposed to radon numbered about 136 a year, much less than that for smokers, whilst new cases due to benzene and formaldehyde did about 149 a year. Indoor air pollution, especially due to indoor decoration, should hence be taken seriously.