逝者的净土 生者的净园——丹麦墓园设计艺术特征探析

Heavnly Land for the Deceased and Edifying Park for the Living——Features Analysis of the Design Art in Danish Cemetery

墓园不仅是逝者灵魂安息的地方,也担负着其他如社会、景观和环境保护等方面的功能。丹麦墓园与欧洲其他国家的墓园一样,脱胎于中世纪的教堂墓园,兴起于18世纪中期。其设计采用现代风景园林的形式,在营造庄严肃穆环境的同时,也兼顾到市民的日常使用,使墓园具有一定的公园性质与功能,能够为市民提供休闲与健身的空间,也能为那些想通过参观墓地来了解历史和相关人物的市民提供场所。在植物设计与运用上,丹麦墓园注重物种选材的丰富性和景观效果的多样性,使其在营造氛围、满足功能和发挥环境效益等方面都能达到预想的状态。

Cemetery not only is for burying the deceased, but also plays other roles such as social, landscape and environmental functions. Like other European countries, Danish cemeteries derived from medieval graveyards, and shaped in the middle of 18th century. In modern time the style has been designed as modern landscape park. It aims to create a mysterious and solemn circumstance for respecting passing people, meanwhile, it also pays special attention for citizens’ daily using, such as providing a place and space for citizens’ leisure and recreational activities as a park and also for citizens learning history and died famous persons through their visit as a open museum. Danish cemeteries use more plant materials and create rich sceneries as they could in their design to gain an ideal situation in circumstance, functions and effectiveness of environment.