三维破裂及其在地震和断层研究中的应用(综述)

Three-Dimensional fracture and its application to the study of earthquakes and faults(Review)

文中提出若干断层破裂和震源过程的重要问题，包括断层分布的形态、震源多重事件的非共面性、震源迁移和动力来源等，这些问题用目前二维力学模型无法回答，只有用三维模型才有可能。综述了三维岩石断裂力学的实验和Ｇｒｉｆｉｔｈ－Ｉｒｗｉｎ理论研究的进展情况，指出三维破裂研究既包括三维裂纹的破裂，也包括无初始裂纹的Ｈｅｒｔｚ接触引起的破裂。总结了岩石三维破裂的特征，并简述了三维破裂在震源过程和断层形成问题研究中的一些证据和研究前景，认为一些地震前兆机理问题有可能在三维模型中得到解答。同时也讨论了三维震源与断层模型简化为常用的二维模型的条件。

In this review,some important problems about the earthquake source and the fracturing of faults,including the distribution shape of faults and the noncoplanar of multiple shocks,the movement of earthquake source and the origin of earthquake dynamics are proposed.It is impossible to solve these problems by using the current 2D model,but a 3D model.The developments of experimental 3D research of rock fracture and GriffithIrwin theory are reviewed.It is pointed out that not only the 3D crack,but the Hertz contrast without any original crack can cause 3D fracture.The characteristics of 3D fracture of rock are summarized and some evidence as well as the prospects of the earthquake source and faulting research are recounted briefly.It is considered that some of the mechanism of earthquake precursors can be explained by using the 3D model.Besides,the condition of simplifying the 3D model of earthquake source and fault into a 2D model is discussed.