永嘉昆剧与海盐腔

Kun Opera in Yongjia and Haiyan Tune

戏曲史家通常认为浙江温州(永嘉)是宋元南戏的故乡,在中国戏曲的起源形成和发展史上,温州有其特殊地位。南戏在温州一带产生后,很快就传播到浙江各地及邻近的江苏、福建许多地区,并且出现了以这些地方为名的各种声腔,其中最早的是海盐腔。海盐腔滥觞于宋末而盛行于明代嘉隆以前,一度成为一切南唱的代表。昆山腔崛起以后,海盐腔仍在各地上演。现在"永嘉昆腔"中称为"九搭头"的各类早期南曲曲牌,可能就是海盐腔的遗音。与"永嘉昆剧"相类似的,尚有浙西金华一带的义乌"草昆"、浙东台州一带的"黄岩昆"及浙东、浙西"三合班"里的一些早期南曲曲牌腔。

The historians of Chinese traditional opera generally consider that Wenzhou （Yongjia） in Zhejiang Province is the native place of southern drama in Song and Yuan Dynasties. With regard to the Chinese traditional drama＇s origin and the history of its development, Wenzhou possesses a special position. After southern drama first made its appearance in the district of Wenzhou, in time it was widely spread to many other places in Zhejiang, and many nearby areas in Jiangsu and Fujian. Thus various tunes emerged which named after their districts. Among them Haiyan Tune is the earliest one. Haiyan Tune came into being in the late Song Dynasty and prevailed before Jiajing and Longqing periods in Ming Dynasty. It became the representative of southern drama for a time. After the rise of Kunshan Tune, Haiyan Tune was still played in various places. Until now it is likely that many early southern drama＇ s tunes named ＂Jiudatou＂ in ＂Yongjia Kun Tune＂ might be inherited from Haiyan Tune. Similar to Kun Opera in Yongjia, there exist ＂Cao Kun＂ of Yiwu in Jinhua district in the western part of Zhejiang, ＂Huangyan Kun＂ in Taizhou district in the eastern part, and also some tunes of early southern drama which named ＂Sanheban＂ in both the western and eastern parts of Zhejiang.