清代民族地区平原开发与边疆经略——以内蒙古土默川、后套平原开发为线索

On Plain Developing in Ethnic Area and Frontier Administration of Qing Dynasty——Taking Tumochuan Plain and Houtao Plain as Examples

对北方民族地区平原的开发是清代边疆经略的重要内容。从内蒙古土默川平原、后套平原的开发来看,由于前者是在清早期对准噶尔用兵的背景下开发的,后者则是在西北用兵结束后的清中后期开发的,因此两者在开发模式上迥然不同。首先表现为组织形式、程序与耕作方式的不同。土默川平原以公垦为主,是在官府的组织下开发的;后套平原以民间私垦为主,是由地商组织农民开垦的。土默川平原主要是旱地开垦和旱作农业,后套平原则是以开渠引水、灌溉的水田农作为主。其次是生产关系的不同。土默川平原的农民分别与官府、贵族、蒙古士兵等直接结成租种关系,后套平原则是地商先从蒙古贵族、召庙喇嘛手中包租土地,然后再租佃给农民。两大平原的开发,对于清朝西北用兵、保持驿路畅通、稳定内蒙古中部及北部边疆等发挥了重要作用。

Developing of plains in ethnic area is an important research field in the administration history of frontiers of Qing Dynasty. Tumochuan plain and Houtao plain in Inner Mongolia vary in their developing progress and modes. There are three main differences between them： first, their background of developing varied; second, their organization forms, farming procedures and methods were different; third, their relations of production were not the same, The development of two plains played a key role in deploying forces on northeast frontier, maintaining post road easily accessible and strengthening the middle and north parts of frontiers of Inner Mongolia in Qing Dynasty.