同人、帮派与中国同人报——《时务报》纷争的报刊史意义

The Coterie,the Factions and Chinese Coterie Press——Interpreting Shiwubao's Schism

作为一个同人刊物,1896年创办的《时务报》是由不同群体所共同参与创办。虽然在设报达聪,"有益国事"的目标上基本一致,但《时务报》群体本就各有打算,因因缘际会走到一起。从群体的特点看,康有为师徒属于"意识形态首属群体",比之汪康年群体更具有自己的身份认同和鲜明政治主张,始终有借助《时务报》宣传"康学"之意图。康门弟子试图变"同人报"为自己"党派"宣传工具,并最终危及同人合作之基础走向分裂。党派需求与同人报刊运作机制及意见表达的天然矛盾,乃为《时务报》悲剧的根本原因。由此表明,"文人论政"型的中国同人报刊,倘若其中的某些成员或者某个派别,具有了明确的政治认同和政治派别角色意识,并力图使同人报转向为"党报"或者"类党报",报刊的纷争、分化乃至分裂就是必然。

As a coterie press, Shiwubao was founded in 1896 by diverse groups. Although they allied and reached a basic agreement that Shiwubao should aim to enlighten the people and ＂conduce to national affairs＂, they had their own political agenda. Among them, Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, who maintained a master-disciple relationship, could be regarded as an iedological primary group with possession of a strong identiy and distinct political views, compared with the group led by Wan g Kangnian. Kang Youwei＇s disciples always intended to use Shiwubao to disseminate ＂Kang Theory＂, and the transformation of a coterie press into a partisan propaganda organ would inevitably endanger the groundwork of coterie cooperation and lead to schism. It is the contradictions between the party＇s imperative and operational mechanism of a coterie press that accounted for Shiwubao＇s tragedy. The case of Shiwubao illustrates that once political sects arise from within a coterie press, the disptues and even the schism are inescapable.