宋代宫廷音乐机构与乐官制度考述——以元丰改制到绍兴时期为例

Textual Research on the Court Music Institution and Music Official System of the Song Dynasty——Taking the Period between the System Change of Yuanfeng Reign and Shaoxing Reign as Example

北宋前期,宫廷设置了功能齐备、体系庞杂的音乐机构与乐官制度。自宋神宗元丰年间(1078—1086)施行大规模的官制改革以来,宫廷音乐制度开始精简,冗余的音乐机构与乐官纷纷被撤销,太常寺与太常寺卿等传统的音乐机构与乐官又恢复了本来的职掌。与此同时,教坊的隶属关系发生变化,由长期隶属宣徽院转而隶属太常寺及大晟府,职能集中的态势显露无遗。自教乐所成立后,这一机构逐渐在宫廷音乐活动中扮演着重要角色,为其在南宋宫廷音乐活动中总领全局,埋下了伏笔。与北宋前期及南宋时的音乐机构与乐官制度相比,元丰改制至南宋初绍兴时期的相关音乐制度建设,体现出了由繁至简、由仪式性而审美性的枢纽性历史意义。

In the early Northern Song dynasty, the court set up a fully functioned and complicated system of music institution and musical official. After the large-scale reform of the bureaucracy in the Yuanfeng reign of the Song dynasty, the court music system was streamlined with the canceling of the redundancy of music institutions and music officials. At the same time, the subordinate relationship of music-teaching institution changes, and the situation of centralized functions came to prominence. After its foundation, the music teaching bureau gradually played an important role in court music activities, and finally in a leading position of court music in the Southern Song dynasty. Compared with the music institution and music official system in the early Northern Song and Southern Song dynasties, the relative music system construction between the period of system change in Yuanfeng reign and Shaoxing reign in the early Southern Song dynasty embodied historic significance from complicated to simple and from the ceremonial to aesthetic.