“统系”之变与宋初儒学的复兴

The Change of the Confucian Doctrine Pedigree and the Revival of Confucianism in Early Song Dynasty

经历了唐末五代一百多年的世乱道丧之后,宋初学人以重修道统谱系为契机,掀开了儒学复兴的序幕。他们将荀卿、扬雄、王通及韩愈四人尊为"圣贤"而补入"统系"的做法,既出于儒学自身创新求变的学术探索,也意味着部分学者以儒道精神关照现实、救治"时弊"的文化自觉;此举不仅拉近了儒教与现实社会的距离,更拓展了宋初儒学的发展空间。如果说佛老猖獗和"师教"缺失等客观因素,为重修"统系"提供了必要的基础和前提,那么"庆历新政"以后,随着这些问题的基本解决,新"统系"赖以存在的现实基础已不复存在。随着传统儒学向"宋学"的推移和发展,荀、杨、王、韩等人的"圣贤"地位也受到质疑,而宋初新建"统系"的影响遂宣告结束。新"统系"学术生命的获得与消失,既有政治文化传承与变革的复杂背景,又体现着传统儒学向"宋学"演进的内在轨迹。

After the social turbulence of more than one hundred years in late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the scholars in early Song Dynasty started the revival of Confucianism by rewriting the Confucian doctrine pedigree. They worshipped Xun Qing, Yang Xiong, Wang Tong and Han Yu as Confucian sages, and set them in the pedigree. The behavior was attributed to Confucianism＇s innovative changes, which also indicated that some scholars tried to judge and rescue the reality with the Confucian spirit. The behavior not only narrowed the gap between Confucianism and the real society but also opened up the space for the development of Confucianism in early Song Dynasty. If we say that the prosperity of Buddhism and Taoism and the hiatus of educational tradition provide essential prerequisites and basis for rewriting the Confucian doctrine pedigree, then, with the problems had been solved after the Qingli New Deal, the real basis of the new Confucian doctrine pedigree disappeared. The effect of rewriting the Confucian doctrine pedigree was non-existent when the position of Xun Qing, Yang Xiong, Wang Tong and Han Yu were questioned along with the transformation of traditional Confucianism to Songxue. The change of the learning life of the new Confucian doctrine pedigree was attributed to the complicated political and cultural background, which also reflected the inherent trajectory of evolution of traditional Confucianism to Songxue.