矿山安全法规标准与监管体系的国内外对比分析及其启示

A Comparative and Suggestive Analysis of International Mine Safety and Health Standardization and Regulation Systems

分析国外代表性国家的非煤矿山安全生产法规标准及管理体系,并与我国的情况进行对比,提出有关我国非煤矿山安全生产法规标准及管理体系的建议。通过国内外文献采集、网上检索和现场考察,分析美国、南非和澳大利亚的矿山安全与健康方面的管理机构16个、法律法规20部、标准1000余项以及矿山企业安全健康标准3个,并归纳其主要特征。可以得出以下结论:国外矿山安全法规标准的主要特征包括技术为主、多元开发、自愿实施、市场驱动、强调合规等5个方面;而矿山安全监管体系的主要特征则包括:以法律法规、实施监察、检测认证为主的监督监察体制,以教育培训、技术开发、应急救援为主的技术支撑体系,以伤病预防、人身康复、工伤补偿为主的工伤补偿制度等3个方面;笔者提出关于发展和完善我国的矿山安全标准和监管体系的建议。

The mine safety and health standardization and regulation systems in USA, Australia and South Africa are comparatively analyzed. It is concluded that the standards and standardization systems in USA, Australia and South Africa are more market driven, consensus based, scientifically and technologically supported, individually and diversely developed, transparently accessed, openly participated, and voluntarily adopted, while the mine safety and health regulation systems in USA, Australia and South Africa are characterized by the MSHA-so-called triangle of success which is composed of a proactive enforcement system of act provisions with compliance assistance, a technical support system of new scientific and engineering solutions to mitigate hazards, and an education and training system for the mining industry to reduce accidents and illnesses. Some tactical initiatives are suggested to support the improvement of Chinese mine safety and health standardization and regulation systems.